Rwandas Ethnic Crisis essays

Rwanda's Ethnic Crisis essays Pamphile Sebahara (1998) in his article "The creation of ethnic division in Rwanda" writes: The genocide of the Tutsis and the massacres, which claimed almost a million lives in Rwanda between April and July 1994, are the result of a variety of interdependent factors. Reading the literature on the subject, we are left with one basic question: how can we comprehend the mass slaughter of men, women and children, primarily as a result of their belonging to a particular ethnic group? Observers believe that the genocide and its consequences, which still reverberate today, are to be understood in the context of the ethnic conflict (between Hutu, and Tutsi), which has been a feature of Rwanda's history since the late 1950s (pp 86-87). Republic of Rwanda has been the victim of Ethnic violence since its independence in 1962. Two predominant ethnic groups namely the Hutu and the Tutsi have clashed with each other resulting in large-scale massacres and flight of millions of people to neighboring Zaire. Geographical Location: Rwanda is located in East Central Africa. It shares common borders with Uganda on North, Zaire on West, Burundi on South and Tanzania on East. Republic of Rwanda covers an area of 10169 square miles and has a population of 6,863,359. The people of Rwanda mainly belong to two groups namely the Hutu and the Tutsi that represent 90% and 9% of the country's population respectively. Kigali is the capital of Rwanda. Historical Background and Civil War: On the issue of ethnic division, Sebahara (1998) opines: Before colonisation, towards the end of the 19th century, most of what is now Rwanda was a monarchy ruled by a king of the Nyiginya dynasty. Social stratification was based on socio-economic criteria; in other words, on the type of work favoured by the members of the group. Thus the Hutus tended to be farmers, the Tutsis were stockbreeders and the Twa were hunters or potters. But given the complex ancestral history,...

Researching the Background Literature for Any Project

Researching the Background Literature for Any Project Background research refers to the process that a writer uses to gain knowledge about a topic she does not know about, or much about. In our digital world, all writers, whether they are students or professionals, have or can gain access to previously published and unpublished information about just about anything. The role of the science writer is to sort through the noise and summarize information for people who dont have that luxury, but practicing that technique can be helpful to anyone planning a future in a scientific discipline. Background research is the first step of all good scientific studies, including archaeological investigations, used as an example here. There are three main sources of information available to people who are writing research papers today: internet sources, brick and mortar libraries and museums, and people. Wikipedia, Science Blogs and News Reports These days, Wikipedia is a reasonable starting place for general background information, but there are other starting points that you may find more useful and reliable, such as science blogs and news reports. Be cautious and find out enough information about the news outlet or blog writer so that you can be confident of that reliability- is the blog writers biography available and is that person qualified; do they cite scholarly references in their articles; is the tone of their blog sensible and balanced. And wherever you start, dont stop there. The problem with those types of resources, is they are not peer-reviewed. The peer-review process requires that before a scientific paper is published, it is reviewed by one or more experts for its validity. The process has its faults: but science changes very slowly, and what a researcher believes in her heart today may be disproven tomorrow. What scientists get published in peer-reviewed articles are far more conservative, by and large, than what they say to a news reporter, in their classes, or in their own blogs. To create a balanced research report of your own, you need both types of information: What do the partisans believe about the findings right now, and what do other sources say about it. Finding Peer-Reviewed Literature How do you gain access to peer-reviewed literature? A lot of academic papers are locked up by the publishers with exorbitant prices for downloading a single article- US$25-40 is common. If you are a college student, you should have access to the electronic resources in the university library, which will include free access to that catalog. If you are a high school student or independent scholar, you may still be able to have use of the library; go talk to the library administration and ask them what is available for you. Once youve logged on to the university library, where do you try out your topic keywords? Of course, you can try the university catalog: but sometimes a less-structured approach works better. While Google Scholar is excellent, it returns results from a wide variety of disciplines. So, for example, if you are researching the term seasonality in Google Scholar, you find information about the stock market and tourism and atmospheric circulations. You can add additional keywords to narrow down your search such as domestication or archaeology, but you can also turn to specialized article databases in your subject area. On the Internet: Specialized Article Databases Specialized article databases are typically assembled by people who are experts in those fields and part of discipline-based societies. For archaeologists, some good anthropology-based databases include Anthropology Plus, AnthroSource, and the Annual Review of Anthropology, which has assembled bibliographic essays on discipline-specific topics. Other fields have the same sorts of databases, just search for article databases and add a keyword for your field of endeavor. The Annual Reviews collection has a treasure-trove of peer-reviewed syntheses of topics in all scientific disciplines, from Analytical Chemistry to Vision Science. There are many others that you may have access to at the university library, or available via your laptop for a yearly or monthly subscription. JSTOR is a subscription-based repository for hundreds of back-catalog journals; Lexis-Nexis has been a tool for news reporters seeking information on individuals for over 30 years; and there are many publisher-specific sources such as Elseviers Science Direct, Wileys Science Solutions, and Taylor Francis Online. Brick and Mortar: Society Museums and Libraries Another great source for information for background research is topic-specific libraries and museums. Chances are the local university has a Chemistry or Geography library; you may also find public science venues, such as local historical or genealogical societies. These libraries have selected the most important research books and journals in that field, and you might also find books and memoirs of local residents involved in the studies that dont make it into the top searches of Google. Best of all, you may well find a librarian with a voluminous memory. Sadly, many of the public societies are shutting their facilities because of budget cuts- so if you still have one, be sure to visit this fast-disappearing resource. State Offices Many states and provinces have governmental offices where information concerning local aspects of scientific research are stored. State level offices include Natural Resources, History, Archaeology, and Environmental offices. All of these include information that is available to professionals for assistance with their research and might be available to you even if you are not a professional. For example, if you are a working archaeologist in a particular state, you can almost certainly obtain access to the records, articles, reports, artifact collections, and maps kept at the State Archaeologist office; but these are not always open to the general public. It wont hurt to ask, and many of the records will be open to students. The University of Iowa maintains a list of National Association of State Archaeologist Offices. People: Oral History Interviews One often overlooked area of background research is the oral history interview. Find people who know about your topic and go talk to them. By all means, do your background research on the subject before you reach out to your potential contacts. Dont expect them to simply tell you all you need to know about a particular subject: come with some knowledge about the subject and be ready with some pertinent questions. To find people, use your local university again, and see if there is someone in the anthropology (or other) department who knows about or has studied your topic. Reach out to the librarian at the topic library and see if they know of a friendly resource you might chat with. For an archaeological research paper, amateur archaeologists and historians may be excellent sources of information, as might retired archaeologists who have conducted work on a site. Members of the general public who live in the area and long-time museum directors may recall when investigations took place. If you dont have access to the university, use Google Scholar to identify recent research, and then using email, approach the authors for insight.   Who knows? An interview might be the capstone making your research paper the best it can be.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Case Study Example They do this through rallies on weekly basis where they have a system of accumulating customer care points. It is redeemable for various rewards (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012). Through efficient CRM, Harrah’s will manage to learn emergent aspects from customers like how often they visit. This will enable its management ensure better services to the satisfaction of the customers thus giving them a reason to come back again. Therefore, Harrah’s focus will be more on service development strategies as well as ways that will best suit their customers. For instance, Harrah’s will be sending about 250 million mails to members in a year and most customers will prefer this way because the information sent is relevant to them (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012). These Total Reward will be of great benefit to the customers for example during a trip to Atlantic City, someone can pick the busiest weekend where most hotels were booked fully. If he can swipe his Harrah’s Total Reward card in order to use, he can get an available room at reduced rate of 100 dollars a night. This explains how benefiting it is to be a loyal customer and it is motivating to the potential ones. Based on survey so far conducted, the number of people using Total Reward will be approximately 40 million customers. Most of the customers are just ordinary people like teachers, doctors, and bankers from different lifestyles (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012). This is different because for long time the industry has always focused on the rich people. Since the establishment of Total Reward, the annual gambling budget share can rise to 20% while 18% to the customers who preferred gambling at Harrah’s then at their hometown casinos (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012). The services in Harrah’s will bring better returns to the company in terms of revenue from the happy and loyal customers. For instance, as of 2009, Harrah’s became the biggest in the industry with revenue of 10 million dollars

Public School Uniforms Rough Draft Research Paper

Public School Uniforms Rough Draft - Research Paper Example Normally, public schools have the freedom of letting their students dress based on their preferences, or else provide them with school uniforms. Despite pros and cons expressed regarding school uniforms, I personally support the idea that the benefits far outstrip the damages. In my opinion, wearing school uniforms should not be just considered as a habit, but should be perceived as an important component in schooling for obvious reasons such as academic improvement and promotion of student behavior. As the name implies, school uniforms promote uniformity in schools. With this regard, a sense of pride is promoted as uniforms promote a sense of uniqueness. Just as students represent the school, school uniforms are extremely important as they also represent the school. The current trends in school uniforms began in 1987 with the first school in Baltimore becoming the first to adopt the trend. This was followed by implementation of a mandatory policy across the district in 1994. The two events happened alongside State of Union in 1996 delivered by Bill Clinton where he encouraged that school uniforms helped in enhancing security. However, this review focusses on effectiveness of school uniforms in enhancing behavior and achievement in public schools. Uniforms play a critical role in promoting academic achievement. Research shows that elementary schools from both urban and rural districts demonstrates improved academic achievement rated in terms of graduation versus suspension and attendance rather than expulsion and academic proficiency rates. In view of this, most researchers concur that the policies on school uniforms contribute largely to the achievement of the student, especially when they become part of a comprehensive reform plan of the school. In United States, the interest in school uniforms grew during Clintons era after their fellow students discriminated some Columbine students for wearing dark colored clothes making them become social outcasts in

Identify and briefly explain three reasons Essay Example for Free

Identify and briefly explain three reasons Essay Due to rational thinking and the culture of todays’ society become less traditional, it could be that there is less time in people’s lives to believe in a Religion. As going to Church and worshiping takes time out of someone’s daily routine where they may feel they are needed more. The growth of state and democracy (disengagement) means that the state and the church are not as influenced by one another as they used to be, this means that there is not a great amount of pressure on people to attend church by the state. Religion on its own is not enough of a force for people to attend church meaning it is less influential. It could also be that due to the forward thinking of today’s society and like Grace Davie says, that people today are far more inclined to take a personalised view on religion, and that churches such as the Church of England are not in decline but are more privatised in the household home. 02) Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the view that, while the Church of England is declining, other religions and spiritual movements are flourishing. I aim to show that even though statistics say that attendance is declining in religious worship, that actually it may not be that religion is declining but the way worship is happening now has changed and there is in fact many more forms of religion. In item A it states that from a report by the Bible society that by 2025 only 87,800 people will be attending church, compared to the one million plus that attend church now. Weber and Comte also said that eventually religion would wither away due to the world changing and accepting science and science beliefs such as New Age and Scientology over religious explanations of the world, and the less emotions and traditions which are according to Weber the main characteristics of religion. As well as rationalism like Comte also conveys in a different way. Steve Bruce also says that religion is in decline as he took Comte’s ideas and made his own modernity thesis which said that Modernity was the main route for religion declining and that it was indeed declining. However  it was only declining because of certain key processes which are rationalisation the idea that rational thinking in the shape of science has replaced religious influence, disengagement the idea that the church and wider society are separate and not involved with each other, fragmentation of social life the idea that religious institutions have been pushed out of many institutions such as education and politics, loss of community the idea that community is being replaced by society and religious pluralism the idea that industrialisation has fragmented society into a marketplace of religions. Steve Bruce says that because of his thesis it is that religion is in decline, especially those of the traditional kind such as the Church of England this is because for religious decline to be happening due to the key processes happening all at ponce acting on each other. Bruce also says religion isn’t undermining education welfare and social control and as a result society is not learning about religion as they were pre modernity and so religion is declining as it is not being taught as it was before. It can also be argued that the religions such as the Church of England are not declining and spiritual movements are not flourishing just coming to light. This may be because the stats used to prove the decline in the Church of England by the bible society and others haven’t been collected by systematic collection. It may be that those who collect the data are only counting the heads that enter the church they don’t take into account those who aren’t able to make it to church. Such as those who worship by themselves in their time but also those who can’t make it to church, such as the elderly and instead worship privately and watch songs of praise. Stark and Bainbridge also supports this in their work but also disagree with Bruce when he says that during medieval period there were more religious people as they say that yes more people attended church in those tomes but they weren’t religious, they only attended as they had to because the squire made them, as they wanted to keep their pay and jobs. They were actually very disrespectful in the church service by belching and farting in the pews, now you don’t get those who don’t want to be in church in church and so religions such as the Church of England haven’t declined it is only those who are truly religious that now go to church. Grace Davie is another sociologist who believes that religions such as the Church of England are not in decline as she believes that society now doesn’t always leave enough  time for people to attend a place of worship but they do so privately. Private worship means that people may believe that as they don’t go to church or the place of worship they aren’t religious and assume religion is in decline however this is not true they are just choosing to worship in private. Due to the belief of crisis of meaning and uncertainty brought on by the postmodern or high modernity era that it is said we live in, it is true that spiritual movements are flourishing and coming to light. This is mainly because when people are searching for meaning and certainty they look towards the future for this and new spiritual movements can normally give this certainty but can also give a person an insight into themselves and help them discover themselves as an individual and what their meaning in the world is. In conclusion I believe that religious movements are not in decline as the supporting evidence is more and uses more historical and correct data than those who say religion is declining. It is also true that Bruce did not make his thesis based on data but based on what he thought, meaning that those for not in decline were more supported and there theories backed up by solid evidence and data.

Freak Out: The 1960s Musical Avant-garde Revisited Essay -- Musicals

Freak Out: The 1960s Musical Avant-garde Revisited â€Å"This is my happening and it freaks me out!† Z-man Barzel in Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) The title of this essay â€Å"Freak Out: The 1960s Musical Avant-garde Revisited† invites me to explore the explosion of new ideas that permeated many forms of western musical expression in the 1960s. When I was given a new course to teach at the University of Guelph called â€Å"The Musical Avant-garde† (2002) no one could quite tell me what they meant me to teach, except that it would cover all that â€Å"difficult music† of the second half of the 20th century. By this my colleagues meant serious European art music by gold-plate composers such as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono, Luciano Berio, and Gyorgy Ligeti. Shortly after the end of WWII, the â€Å"new music† coalesced around the Darmstadt summer courses in composition where these young European composers, cut off from each other during the war, rediscovered the music of early 20th century modernists such as Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg and especially Anton von Webern, and were inspired by their radical ideas of creating new systems for composing music. Young European composers didn’t try to write music like Schoenberg and Webern, rather they took to heart these composers’ basic principles: the idea of pre-ordering musical elements (serialization) and the idea of treating each sound as a discrete event, independent of the sounds around it. From these two premises, all sorts of exciting new ground was opened up – from rigorous compositional control to the notion that one could choose to leave things wide open to chance - so that by the 1960s musical elements such as tone colour and texture took the place of tr aditional ha... ... our site but under no conditions are the texts and images to be copied and mounted onto another site server. Researchers using the site should accredit it following standard MLA guidelines on how to do so. Correct citation of information from the site is as follows: Waterman, Ellen. Sounds Provocative: Experimental Music Performance in Canada. University of Guelph. 2005. . This research has been approved by the Research Ethics Board at the University of Guelph who can be contacted at 519-824-4120 x 56606. The project is generously supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the College of Arts, and the School of Fine Art and Music, University of Guelph. Copyright  © 2005 Waterman, Ellen. Sounds Provocative: Experimental Music Performance in Canada. University of Guelph. All Rights Reserved

Assignment: Operations Decision Essay

Allentown Manufacturing Company is a family owned business that manufactures cardboard boxes. Currently, the company has a manpower rate of 100 workers that work 20 out of a month. The company has been able to last through some of the toughest economic times, but recently the AMC’s fixed cost is â€Å"high enough†, and their total costs are exceeding their total revenue. Assess the current environmental scan factors that are relevant to the decision making process. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Provide a rationale for your determination. Some environmental scan factors that are affecting the decision making process are social, economic and technological circumstances. When it comes to the social factors, the lack of properly trained and skilled laborers are affecting the amount of production being put out on a daily basis. The company needs to develop a better recruitment process and training program to employ the best and most profitable employees. In addition, the language barrier creates a problem for our managers. The majority of our workforce is Hispanic and speaks minimal English; this creates problems when trying to delegate job duties among the employees. The economic factors are that the country as a whole is trying to go green; therefore recycling old cardboard boxes is more environmentally friendly than using new ones. This causes a decrease in the amount of orders coming in, therefore affecting the amount being shipped out. The technological factors are the lack of computer skills by some of the labor force. If the machines that produce the product are not being run properly in order to produce the maximum output rate, then this will cause a decrease in profits. Management should focus the economic and social factors when coming to the decision whether or not to continue operations. If the company focused on what will either hold the company back or push it forward, and then issues will begin to reveal themselves. Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term and how each factor influences managerial decisions. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. The total revenue is the output multiplied by the number of units produced per month: TR=$32*6,000 TR= $192,000 The monthly wages for the worker are the number of workers multiplied by the daily wage multiplied by the number of days worked in each month: 100*$70*20= $140,000 The total variable cost is daily variable input multiplied by the number of days worked in a month: TVC=$2000*20 TVC= $40,000 Recommend how the company can improve its profitability to deliver more value to its stakeholders. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Allentown Manufacturing Company can improve its profitability in a variety of ways, such as expanding into new markets sectors, or developing new products or services. Some major changes that can take place to improve profitability can be to reduce manpower or scale back on working hours, reducing costs, and increasing productivity and efficiency. I think AMC should work with their top management to create a partnership with another company to begin manufacturing a new product to potentially increase profits. Another plan can be to reduce the manpower either by hours or by personnel. This will allow the company to save money on wages, employment taxes, and employment insurance such as workman’s compensation and unemployment insurance. Increasing productivity is a solid way to increase profitability. If the plant is able to acquire larger orders of boxes, this will in turn cause them manufacture a larger amount of boxes. Management would also have to decide the best way to train the workforce to work in a more efficient manner, decide whether or not it is feasible to purchase additional machines to increase the production and develop a proper training program to develop the workers’ skillset. Assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations and how management should react when confronted with these circumstances. Provide a rationale with your response. The circumstances in which Allentown Manufacturing Company should discontinue their operations, is when their total costs surpass their total revenue. The company will not be able to maintain production or meet their cost demands such as salaries, materials, maintenance, etc. if they are constantly spending more money than they are making. Management should react in a manner that is in the best interest of the company and not themselves. If the manager or managers are not able to develop a solid plan to match or pass the total costs that company is hitting each month, than the most feasible thing to do would be to shut the plant down. By continuing to manufacture the cardboard boxes, they are constantly increasing their costs from the electricity being used, and the workers needing to get their salaries.

Broadsheet and tabloid article comparison Essay

Three newspapers, ‘The Times'(a British broadsheet), ‘The Mirror’ ( a British tabloid) and ‘Newsweek’ (an American paper) have all related to the same ski incident where 20 people died in a cable car as an American Fight Jet sliced through the cable car’s wires sending its occupants hurling three hundred feet to their deaths in the Dolomite Mountains in Italy. The major differences between the three articles is that ‘The Times’ and ‘The Mirror’ were able to get reporters to the scene of the accident within hours of the crash but ‘Newsweeek’ wasn’t able to get a reporter out to the Dolomites as they weren’t a particuarly rich newspaper firm and it took them 2 weeks to publish the news and by then everyone had found out, whereas ‘The Times’ and ‘The Mirror’ chose to publish it the very next day. The Times’ is very factual throughout but ‘The Mirror’ uses very chatty language. ‘The Mirror’ and ‘Newsweek’ are biased towards the victims because they can’t defend themselves against what the American Fighter Pilots had done. The major similarities between the three newspapers is that they have all got the same account of what happened and that the American Fighter Pilots are to blame. Also how it happened and they agree on the basic facts. Within the three newspapers they all use factual content of some description. ‘The Mirror’s factual content is stating that why the incident occured, who was involved, that there were no survivors and how there bodies were found beneath all the rubble. ‘The Times’ goes into more detail about the incident and the paper is more business like and better grammar. ‘Newsweek’ is just stating the facts and is basically worded for the younger readers to understand. There are a couple of discrepancies between the three newspapers, ‘The Newsweek’s descrepancies are that it is has not been illustrated. It took them two weeks to publish the incident. It was using very basic writing techniques. It also prints that the incident was not that bad a disaster â€Å"By then, Prime Minister Romano Prodi had already judged the crash as an act of trajic recklessnesss†. The Mirrors discrepancies are that it uses too many opinions rather than facts. Too much surrounded the incident rather than what the American Goverment should will do to improve its training schemes and how to make it up to the victims’ families. The Times’ discrepancies is that it is too long and too intellectual. I feel out of these three newspaper articles surrounding this accident The Times is the best for facts but The Mirror is the best for witness accounts and opinions and pictures of the wreckage. The language used in the three papers are all different and targeted at a specific group of people. The Mirror is aimed at people who thrive on other people’s misfortunes. The Times is aimed towards the more intelligent and business like individuals. Newsweek is aimed at American people around where this paper is based to give them news about their state. There are not many differences in tone, mood or bias achieved due to the language used. The Mirror’s tone is very dramatic, emotional and to the point, its mood is shocking and is biased towards the victims and does not really mention opinions based on the American Pilots. The Times’ tone is very serious and business like, its mood is partially shocking but still remains serious and factual. The Times is not biased in its report as it considers both sides of the incident. Newsweek’s tone is very evasive and eluding, its mood is not shocking but almost normal, it is biased towards the American Pilots â€Å"An US Fighter Jet clip’s a gondola cable† and they act as if it isn’t such a bad crash. In ‘The Times’ and ‘The Mirror’ interview people who were next in line for the cable car and those who witnessed the incident. The Times also spoke to Fauseo Colasant; who was a police chief in Cavalese, many officals, a spokesman at Aviano, Giorgio Ruialdiwho was a rescue worker at Cavalese, Massimo Brulti who is the deputy Defence Minister. The Mirror’s interviewees were Neil Harmar and his girlfriend Stacey O’Donnell who were next in line, police chief Andrea Russo, a fire service spokesman, American Defence Secretary William Cohen, salesman Neil of Heathfield, Sussex, furious locals, Regional President Carlo Androtti, Cristina Antoniazzi the owner of the Hotel Locanda La Cascato just 100 yards from the cable lines and Air Force Chiefs. All the mentioned people above all commented on how low and dangerous this was, also how trajic an accident it was and that the Military war games should stop which put peoples lives at risk. Newsweek didn’t have any speakers because they it was a strategic choice and chose not to publish the article until two weeks later when everyone had found out about it through other people and other major newspapers such as ‘The Times’ and ‘The Mirror’. Most of the people who were interviewed said that it was a tragedy â€Å"If pilots want to put their own lives at risk that is up to them, but it is not acceptable that inncoent tourists should take the consequences† and many important people mentioned how many victims were confirmed dead. The US Defence Secretary William Cohen said â€Å"The victijm’s were nine women, ten men and one child†, and a fire spokesman said â€Å"It’s official- it’s twenty. † but Air Force Chiefs declined to comment. Regional President Carlo Androtti said â€Å"Military aircrafts should stop these war games which put innocent people’s lives at risk. Many people have told me how some Military Planes actually fly under the cables†, The Times has more factual content rather than content rather than speakers but the people who were interviewed said how much of a tragic incident this was. The Pentagon had launched and inquiry into the accident and expressed it’s ‘Deepest Sympathy’ for those killed, but this was an accident that should ahev nopt happened as the conditions were excellent â€Å"Visibility on the mountain had been ‘excellent’ at the time of the disaster. † the Newsweek had Italy’s Air Force Chief General Mario Arpino who said â€Å"The Prowler was four miles off of course and flying 3,300 feet below the altitude designated in the flight plan filed at Aviano. The minimum cruising altitude for US pilots in Italy is 500 feet. † Newsweek doesn’t use its article based on all on the one accident like the other papers did but it compares it to another crash. There is not really and explination for the different nationalities but they must think it is truly embarrasing for letting this get out of hand even with the amount of complaints recieved by the Regional President Carlo Androtti. The Mirror layout is so that the readers will straight away focus on the accident that happened and a photo of the devastation at The Dolomites because of the pictures and the headline. The layout of The Times shows it is a sophisticated paper that contains pictures of the EA-6B Prowler Jet that caused the accident, the devastation and a diagram of how it happened. The layout of Newsweek is very plain and un-interesting. It contains no photo’s of diagrams. This means that it is layed out very poorly and has no effect on the reader. The effect of the use of pictures, diagrams and headlines is expressed very well. The Times has great use of pictures, diagrams and headlines. Their headline is bold, catchy and to the point. Where-as The Mirror is more suttle and detailed, it’s headline is very effective because it stands out. But, Newsweek is exactly the opposite from The Times and The Mirror because it’s headline is based for the reader to become curious and to continue reading the article, thee are no pictures or diagrams which let this article down. In conclusion I feel that The Mirror explains what happened and suggests the full horror of the incident most effectively as it uses many techniques that are typical to a tabloid newspaper. In particular, it gives the incident a personal and British flavour by prominently reporting the reactions of two british Holidaymakers who narrowly avoided being involved in the incident. It also uses bold type, pull quotes and ‘Tabloidese’ – the pacy, dramatic language exemplified by the sub-headline ‘Brits tell of horror in snow’.

Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War

Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War The Battle of Chosin Reservoir was fought from November 26 to December 11, 1950 during the Korean War (1950-1953). Following the Chinese decision to intervene in the Korean War in October, their forces began crossing the Yalu River in large numbers. Encountering elements of Major General Edward Almonds X Corps, including the 1st Marine Division, they attempted to overwhelm the Americans near the Chosin Reservoir. Fought in bitterly cold conditions, the resulting battle quickly entered US Marine Corps lore as the Marines, with support from the US Army, fought tenaciously to escape from the Chinese. After more than two weeks, they succeeded in breaking out and were ultimately evacuated from Hungnam. Fast Facts: Inchon Invasion Conflict: Korean War (1950-1953)Dates: November 26 to December 11, 1950Armies Commanders:United NationsGeneral Douglas MacArthurMajor General Edward Almond, X CorpsMajor General Oliver P. Smith, 1st Marine Divisionapprox. 30,000 menChineseGeneral Song Shi-Lunapprox. 120,000 menCasualties:United Nations: 1,029 killed, 4,582 wounded, and 4,894 missingChinese: 19,202 to 29,800 casualties Background On October 25, 1950, with General Douglas MacArthurs United Nations forces closing in a victorious end to the Korean War, Communist Chinese forces began pouring across the border. Striking the spread out UN troops with overwhelming force, they compelled them to retreat all across the front. In northeastern Korea, the US X Corps, led by Major General Edward Almond, was strung out with its units unable to support each other. Those units near the Chosin (Changjin) Reservoir included the 1st Marine Division and elements of the 7th Infantry Division. General Douglas MacArthur during the Inchon landings, September 1950. National Archives and Records Administration Chinese Invasion Advancing quickly, the Ninth Army Group of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) blunted X Corps advance and swarmed around the UN troops at Chosin. Alerted to their predicament, Almond ordered the commander of the 1st Marine Division, Major General Oliver P. Smith, to begin a fighting retreat back towards the coast. Commencing on November 26, Smiths men endured extreme cold and severe weather. The next day, the 5th and 7th Marines attacked from their positions near Yudam-ni, on the west bank of the reservoir, with some success against the PLA forces in the area. Over the next three days the 1st Marine Division successfully defended their positions at Yudam-ni and Hagaru-ri against Chinese human wave assaults. On November 29, Smith contacted Colonel Chesty Puller, commanding the 1st Marine Regiment, at Koto-ri and asked him to assemble a task force to re-open the road from there to Hagaru-ri. Colonel Lewis Chesty Puller, November 1950. US Marine Corps Hell Fire Valley Complying, Puller formed a force consisting of Lieutenant Colonel Douglas B. Drysdales 41 Independent Commando (Royal Marines Battalion), G Company (1st Marines), B Company (31st Infantry), and other rear echelon troops. Numbering 900 men, the 140-vehicle task force departed at 9:30 AM on the 29th, with Drysdale in command. Pushing up the road to Hargaru-ri, the task force became bogged down after being ambushed by Chinese troops. Fighting in an area that was dubbed Hell Fire Valley, Drysdale was reinforced by tanks sent by Puller. Battle of Chosin Reservoir Map. US Army Pressing on, Drysdales men ran a gauntlet of fire and reached Hagaru-ri with the bulk of 41 Commando, G Company, and the tanks. During the attack, the B Company, 31st Infantry, became separated and isolated along the road. While most were killed or captured, some were able to escape back to Koto-ri. While the Marines were fighting to the west, the 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT) of the 7th Infantry was battling for its life on the eastern shore of the reservoir. US Marine engage Chinese forces in Korea, 1950. US Marine Corps Fighting to Escape Repeatedly assaulted by the 80th and 81st PLA divisions, the 3,000-man 31st RCT was worn down and overrun. Some survivors of the unit reached the Marine lines at Hagaru-ri on December 2. Holding his position at Hagaru-ri, Smith ordered the 5th and 7th Marines to abandon the area around Yudam-ni and link up with the rest of the division. Fighting a brutal three-day battle, the Marines entered Hagaru-ri on December 4. Two days later, Smiths command began fighting their way back to Koto-ri. Battling overwhelming odds, the Marines and other elements of X Corps attacked continuously as they moved towards the port of Hungnam. A highlight of the campaign occurred on December 9, when a bridge was constructed over a 1,500-ft. gorge between Koto-ri and Chinhung-ni using prefabricated bridge sections dropped by the US Air Force. Cutting through the enemy, the last of the Frozen Chosin reached Hungnam on December 11. Aftermath While not a victory in the classic sense, the withdrawal from the Chosin Reservoir is revered as a high point in the history of the US Marine Corps. In the fighting, the Marines and other UN troops effectively destroyed or crippled seven Chinese divisions which attempted to block their progress. Marine losses in the campaign numbered 836 killed and 12,000 wounded. Most of the latter were frostbite injuries inflicted by the severe cold and winter weather. US Army losses numbered around 2,000 killed and 1,000 wounded. Precise casualties for the Chinese are not known but are estimated between 19,202 to 29,800. Upon reaching Hungnam, the veterans of Chosin Reservoir were evacuated as part of the large amphibious operation to rescue UN troops from northeastern Korea.

Women In War essays

Women In War essays For women, wartime was considered the best years of their lives by some people and historians. Not only did women come to the countrys aid in time of need, they also started the concept of women having a job. The idea of women at work during World War II was not utterly new. In the previous years of World War I, women were nursing sisters, volunteers, and there were even some women in the Navy. Before the war to end all wars, work was considered a mans job. Normally, a womans place was in the house tending to her children, and doing housework such as cleaning and cooking. If a lady had a job, the job would usually be as a teacher, librarian, sales clerk, or secretary but it would never require hard labor. (Encarta 98; World Book Encyclopedia; World at War, p.31) As World War II came around however, the situation changed. Men were starting to be drafted as part of the air force, military, and other war related jobs. Men left their working positions to answer their call of duty, therefore leaving many empty jobs. Since there was such a shortage of workers, some immigrants took vacant jobs, but many more workers were still needed. The lack of employees led to advertisements encouraging women get a job. One of the most famous ads showed an imaginary character named Rosie the Riveter. Rosie the Riveter was well kept and had rosy cheeks; a true lady. This advertisement not only made working look attractive, but patriotic as well. When women realized that they could work and still be feminine, they started looking for jobs. Some people had a problem with women working. Industry was hesitant to hire women because they thought the only reason women wanted a job was to earn a little spending money. Industry was also afraid that female employees would marry and leave their job. (Encarta 98 Article: Rosie the Riveter ) Women helped out during the war by holding an assortment of jobs. Some he...

Clean room assignment engineering practice Lab Report

Clean room assignment engineering practice - Lab Report Example The next step in the fabrication process is to create the buried channels by implanting phosphorous ions in areas that will eventually be covered by polysilicon gate electrodes. The n-type semiconductor formed by phosphorus contains negatively charged electrons as the primary charge carriers and forms a pn-type diode structure, which serves to localize potential wells deep beneath the silicon/silicon dioxide interface. The potential well illustrated in the central portion of Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of the diode structure. The primary function of the buried channel is to localize integrated electrons away from the silicon/silicon dioxide interface, where they can become trapped during charge transfer. By localizing charge deep within the p-type silicon substrate, transfer of charge occurs more efficiently with a minimum of residual charge remaining in the gate. After the buried channels are formed within the silicon substrate, a layer of silicon dioxide is thermally grown on the silicon wafer surface to provide an insulating base for the gate electrodes. Next, a phosphorous-doped layer of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) about 5,000 angstroms thick is grown on top of the oxide layer. This layer of polysilicon comprises the gate electrodes (see Figure 1) and is transparent to visible light, making it an ideal substance for use in CCDs. Although, the fabrication of a complete CCD takes additional steps, the basics of the MOS capacitor assembly have been completed at this point." I Vs V Characteristics (According to M.Aceves, O.Malik, V. Grimalsky V.5 No. 2 (2004) P. 236-237), National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics ( INAOE), Electronics Department.) The dynamic I-V characteristics of these MOS structures when linear voltage sweep (60 v/ sec) was applied to the metallic semitransparent gate is shown in the diagrams below. Dynamic I-V Characteristics of fabricated MOS capacitor with silicon dioxide as insulator with positive (above) and negative (below) charge recorded when a triangular sweep voltage ( 60 v/s) was applied to the gate. References Process specialities Inc Davidson Michael - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory,1800 East Paul Dirac Dr, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310 Aceves, Malik, Grimalsky - National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics ( INAOE), Electronics Department, P.O 51 AND 216, Puebla, Pue, Mexico. Physics and

Humanity And Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Humanity And Environment - Essay Example This essay stresses that there is an economic dimension of the problem. For example, one should consider different kinds of pollution to be external costs that emerge in the course of transactions. Since the economy of the world is thriving, there is no wonder that these external costs will appear more often. However, one of the peculiarities of this concept lies in the fact that no one is held responsible for this kind of damage. Moreover, the majority of people would agree that it would not be beneficial for the world to change the existing patterns of economy since that would result in uncontrolled changes. In other words, the people accept these externalities. In response to that, free market environmentalism was developed. This peculiar platform argues that environmental problems can be taken care of without rejecting the principles of free market. This paper makes a conclusion that individual persons should not be held accountable for various environmental issues, such as climate change. First of all, it must be noted that the impact of the human civilization on the nature has already been acknowledge and the scientific community is likely to accept that the world is living in anthropocene. In addition to that, there is a number of various ethical notions that should be taken into consideration while analyzing the relationship between humans and nature. Finally, one should also take into account various solutions to this problem that have already been developed.